知识、技能、经验和态度 (KSEA)

创办和经营一个企业需要特定的技能和特质，因此识别您已拥有的能力以及需要改进或学习的领域是至关重要的。使用 KSEA 架构来评估企业的现况，这可以突显出您在知识、技能、经验和能力方面的不足之处。利用这些信息来制定职位描述、评估候选人、进行绩效评估以及设计培训和发展计划。

Knowledge, skills, experience and attitude (KSEA)

Starting and running a business requires specific skills and attributes, so it's essential to identify those you already have, and the areas you may need to improve or learn. Use the KSEA framework to assess the business in it's current state. This can highlight areas where you may be lacking in knowledge, skills, experience, and abilities. Use this to develop job descriptions, assess candidates, conduct performance reviews, and design training and development programs.

通过明确定义所需的知识、技能、经验和态度，我们可以规划做出明智的决策。检视您的企业目前所拥有的以及所需要的。以下是每个组成部分的详细说明：

知识：随着时间积累的有组织的数据、事实、信息和框架的集合
技能：熟练运用知识和完成活动的能力
经验：随着时间的推移，通过接触各种情境，增强决策能力
态度：支持或抑制行为和动机的核心信念和观点

By clearly defining the required knowledge, skills, experience, and attitudes, we can make informed decisions about planning. Look at what your business has, and what your business needs. Here is a breakdown of each component:

Knowledge: The collection of organised data, facts, information and frameworks acquired over time.
Skills: The ability to apply knowledge and complete activities proficiently.
Experience: Exposure to a variety of contexts over time builds capacity for decision making.
Attitude: Core beliefs and opinions that support or inhibit behaviour and motivation.

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人员留用

请思考如何通过对员工的投资来留住人才与技能。这可以包括在组织内提供学习和发展机会，并随时关注行业团体、教育机构和政府机构所提供的各类经济实惠的培训与教育资源。

人员留用的另一个重要方面是创造一个让员工感到被重视、安全、受到鼓励与尊重的工作环境或企业文化。同时，明确传达符合组织价值观的正向行为期望，并让企业主和管理者以身作则，都是关重要的。

Staff retention

Consider how you will invest in your staff to retain them and their skills. This could include learning and development opportunities within your organisation and remaining alert to affordable education available through industry groups, education providers and government agencies.

Another important aspect of staff retention is creating a work environment or workplace culture where people feel valued, safe, encouraged and respected. It is important that expectations are made clear with positive behaviour aligned to your organisation values and where business owners and managers are role models.

组织惯例

组织惯例是指在一个组织为达成特定目标或任务而建立的固定和重复的活动、流程和行为模式。这些惯例通常是经过长时间的经验累积、学习和适应而发展出来的。根据加维蒂 (Gavetti ，2005年) 的研究，若能确保您的企业在个人、团队和部门层面拥有完成组织惯例所需的知识、技能、经验和正确态度，便能维持一致性并提高整体效率。

Organisational routines

Organisational routines are the regular and repetitive patterns of activities, processes, and behaviours that are established within an organisation to achieve specific goals or tasks. These routines are often developed over time through experience, learning, and adaptation. According to Gavetti (2005), ensuring that your business has the knowledge, skills, experience and the right attitudes at the individual, group and department level to complete it's organisational routines will ensure consistency and improve efficiency.

个人层面 | Individual level

每位员工的技能、知识和行为。每个人在能力发展中扮演着重要的角色，他们通过持续学习和适应来提升自己。他们的承诺、创造力和合作意愿有助于组织的创新和演变能力。

The skills, knowledge, and behaviours of each employee. Individuals play a crucial role in capability development by continuously learning and adapting. Their commitment, creativity, and willingness to collaborate contribute to the organisation's ability to innovate and evolve.

团队层面 | Group level

团队内部的有效沟通与协调，可促成能力的集体发展。培养共同目标、相互支持和开放回馈文化的团队，能够创造技能分享和知识传播的环境，加速能力建构的进程。

Effective communication and coordination within groups enables the collective development of capabilities. Groups that foster a culture of shared goals, mutual support, and open feedback create an environment of skill-sharing and knowledge dissemination, accelerating the capability-building process.

部门层面 | Department level

特定组织单位内的功能、资源和流程的协调。各部门负责推动持续改进。通过优化工作流程和培养主人翁意识，各部门对组织创造价值和适应不断变化的需求的整体能力作出贡献。

The alignment of functions, resources, and processes within specific organisational units. Departments are responsible for driving continuous improvement. By refining workflows and cultivating a sense of ownership, departments contribute to the organisation's overall ability to deliver value and adapt to changing demands.

请就您目前的组织惯例做一些笔记，我们将在单元六中重新讨论。当我们在《商业务计划书》的第五部分中制定标准作业程序时，我们将包括这些信息。

Make some notes about your current organisational routines and we will revisit this in Module 6. We will include this information when we develop our standard operating procedures in Section 5 of the business plan.